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Australia Early Settlers

The First Fleet of 11 ships with 736 convicts and their guards arrived in Port Jackson, now known as Sydney Harbour, in 1788. A total of 160,000 convicts were brought to the Australian colonies until 1852 when transportation ended. Free settlers started to arrive from 1793, while explorers opened up the land in all directions and rich grazing areas were discovered west of Sydney. Wool soon became one of the country's most important industries.

During the 1850s, gold and copper discoveries brought a fresh influx of immigrants from Europe, China and America. Some of the richest gold seams were found at Ballarat, north of Melbourne, and in central Western Australia at Kalgoorlie, while large copper deposits were discovered at Yorke Peninsula in South Australia. As the cities grew and the roads connecting them were upgraded, a sense of nationalism developed and Australia was declared a commonwealth on 1 January 1901.

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